Agriculture & Environment البيادر .... زراعة وبيئة
Dr fakher Aukour
Experiments suggest that biodiversity enhances the ability of ecosystems to maintain multiple
functions, such as carbon storage, productivity, and the buildup of nutrient pools (multifunctionality). However, the relationship between biodiversity and multifunctionality has never been assessed globally in natural ecosystems. We report here on a global empirical study relating plant species richness and abiotic factors to multifunctionality in drylands, which collectively cover 41% of Earth’s land surface and support over 38% of the human population. Multifunctionality was positively and significantly related to species richness. The best-fitting models accounted for over 55% of the variation in multifunctionality and always included species richness as a predictor variable. Our results suggest that the preservation of plant biodiversity is crucial to buffer negative effects of climate change and desertification in drylands.
Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation, and land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes. This study identiÞed a ranking of the importance of drivers of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes, and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. For freshwater ecosystems, biotic exchange is much more important. Mediterranean climate and grassland ecosystems likely will experience the greatest proportional change in biodiversity because of the substantial inßuence of all drivers of biodiversity change. Northern temperate ecosystems are estimated to experience the least biodiversity change because major land-use change has already occurred. Plausible changes in biodiversity in other biomes depend on interactions among the causes of biodiversity change. These interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future biodiversity change.
Current and expected changes in biodiversity have motivated major experiments, which reported a positive relationship between plant species diversity and primary production. As a first step in addressing this relationship, these manipulative experiments controlled as many potential confounding covariables as possible and assembled artificial ecosystems for the purpose of the experiments. As a new step in this endeavor, we asked how plant species richness relates to productivity in a natural ecosystem. Here, we report on an experiment conducted in a natural ecosystem in the Patagonian steppe, in which we assessed the biodiversity effect on primary production. Using a plant species diversity gradient generated by removing species while maintaining constant biomass, we found that aboveground net primary production increased with the number of plant species. We also found that the biodiversity effect was larger in natural than in artificial ecosystems. This result supports previous findings and also suggests that the effect of biodiversity in natural ecosystems may be much larger than currently thought.
Dryland biodiversity is of tremendous global importance, being central to the well-being and development of millions of people in developing countries. In June 2012, at the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (or“Rio+20”), global leaders from governments and civil society reaffirmed the intrinsic value of biological diversity and recognised the severity of global biodiversity loss and degradation of ecosystems. Although drylands were implicitly recognised, there continues to be inadequate attention to this major biome that covers such a vast part of our world’s terrestrial surface. Yet, as this book conveys, conservation and sustainable management of drylands biodiversity offers a viable pathway to deliver international conservation and development targets. This book is a global resource aimed to aide dryland management as it is the first comprehensive analysis of dryland biodiversity that is of global importance and significance.
1st Arab Region Conference for Disaster Risk Reduction
‘Place’ is a contested concept in conservation and restoration. In this chapter we will focus on invasion biology to examine some of the topics related to this controversial concept.
Three in vitro experiments were conducted to study the effect of different concentrations of carbon source, salinity and gelling agent on number of new shoots, shoot length, fresh weight, and dry weight of fig (Ficus carica L.) to develop an efficient in vitro propagation method.
The floristic composition of the established vegetation and the soil seed bank in seven herbaceous communities under different traditional management regimes were compared in the Valdeón valley (Picos de Europa, Spain), a valley chosen for study because of its high diversity and non-dominance of any single species which have become increasingly rare in Western Europe as a result of changes in agriculture practices.
A diploid model is introduced and analyzed in which intraspecific competition
is incorporated within the context of density-regulated selection. It is assumed
that each genotype has a unique carrying capacity corresponding to the equilib-'
rium population size when only that type is present.
An assessment of grassland restoration success using species diversity components
The influence of tillage treatments on water infiltration into soil profile
Assessing the effects of native plants on the pollination of an exotic herb, the blueweed
Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae)
RESTORATION OF HEAVY METALS POLLUTED SOILS CASE STUDY - CAMELINA -
Delia DIMITRIU
single and aggregated forest incomes
Accounting for single and aggregated forest incomes: Application to public cork oak forests in Jerez (Spain) and Iteimia (Tunisia)
Papaya Tree at the Border: Challenges of Risk Management in a Developing Country
A critical review on the bio-removal of hazardous heavy metals from contaminated soils: Issues, progress, eco-environmental concerns and opportunities
Mapping Leaf Area Index in subtropical upland ecosystems using RapidEye imagery and the randomForest algorithm
Soil carbon pools in different pasture systems
The role of ecological infrastructure on beneficial arthropods in vineyards
Differences in topsoil properties of a sandy loam soil under different tillage treatments
Land Degradation in Jordan –Review of knowledge resources
Evaluation of Solar Electric Power Technologies in Jordan
Study of Black Carbon Levels in City Centers and Industrial Centers in Jordan
Time Series Analysis of Air Pollution in Al-Hashimeya Town Zarqa, Jordan
MODERN AGRICULTURE, PESTICIDES AND HUMAN HEALTH : A CASE OF
AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS IN WESTERN MAHARASHTRA
Environment and Changing Agricultural Practices: Evidence from Orissa, India
MULTI-CRITERIA EVALUATION OF QUALITY OF EXISTING URBAN PARKS IN
DHAKA CITY - TOWARDS ACHIEVING LIVABLE CITY
Effect Of Organic Manures On Yield And Economic Analysis Of Tomato Varieties
ABANDONED VILLAGES AND RELATED GEOGRAPHIC AND LANDSCAPE CONTEXT:
GUIDELINES TO NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND MULTIFUNCTIONAL VALORIZATION
Influence of Tillage Practices and Crop Type on Soil CO2 Emissions
Ecological indicators of grazing effects in cork oak woodlands:an integrated approach
STUDY OF WATER INFILTRATION IN THE SOIL UNDER DIFFERENT TILLAGE SYSTEMS.
The impact of cultivation techniques on bioactive compounds in the aerial parts o Echinacea purpurea
Contributions of agroforestry to ecosystem services in the miombo eco-region of eastern and southern Africa
Abandonment of agricultural land: an overview of drivers and consequences
Methodological Issues for Estimating the Total Value of the Rehabilitation of Mining Fields: the Case of S. Domingos
Rejuvenation influences indirect organogenesis from leaf explants of Pomegranate (Punica
granatum L.) ‘Kandhari Kabuli’
Inheritance of floral colour and type in four new inbred lines of ornamental sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Effects of high salinity and the exogenous application of an osmolyte on growth, photosynthesis, and mineral composition in two ornamental shrubs
Cost-effective tissue culture media for large-scale propagation of three commercial banana (Musa spp.) varieties
Breeding of eggplant and wild Solanum species
Characterisation of cultivated breeding lines of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and related wild
Solanum species from India
Ecosystems and human well-being : desertification synthesis : a report of the millennium ecosystem
assessment
Reforestation techniques in the Mediterranean : woody plant propagation and establishment
Mapping and identification of hotspot areas for biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in cork oak woodlands of southern Portugal
Detecting and Quantifying Desertification in the Upper East Region of Ghana using Multi-spatial and Multi-Temporal Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE
LINKING SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS
Soil-water infiltration under crops, pasture, and established riparian
buffer in Midwestern USA
MODERN AGRICULTURE, PESTICIDES AND HUMAN HEALTH :
A CASE OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS IN WESTERN MAHARASHTRA
Environment and Changing Agricultural Practices: Evidence from Orissa, India
THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT TILLAGE TREATMENTS ON HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF LOAMY SOIL
Drought, Vulnerability and Risk Reduction: the UNCCD Context
An Appraisal of Conservation Tillage on the Soil Properties and C Sequestration
Tillage Effects on Soil Hydraulic Characteristics
Effect of minimum tillage and mulching on maize (Zea maysL.) yield and water content of clayey and sandy soils
Response of plant functional attributes to extensive agriculture practices. Two case studies from Alentejo, South Portugal
HYDRAULIC CO DUCTIVITY AT A D EAR SATURATIO OF A ORTHIC LUVISOL AFTER 15 YEARS OF DIFFERE T SOIL MA AGEME T PRACTICES
Evaluation of vineyard growth under four irrigation regimes using vegetation and soil on-the-go sensors
Water and Agriculture: Facing Water Scarcity and Environmental Challenges
The influence of tillage treatments on water infiltration into soil profile
Soil Contamination by Trace Metals Geochemical Behaviour as an Element of Risk Assessment
critical value of trace elements
Lead isotope ratios as a tracer for lead contamination sources: A lake Andong case study
STIMULATION OF ROOT DEVELOPMENT WITH CYCLODEXTRINS ON JOJOBA SHOOTS IN VITRO
Effects of different salt sources and concentrations on germination and seedling growth of some pumpkin seeds varieties used as rootstock
SALINITY EFFECTS ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS
Effect of Salt and Osmotic Stresses on the Germination of Pepper Seeds of Different Maturation Stages
SALINITY EFFECTS ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS
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